Jurnal Cakrawala Hukum

: Ease of access to excerpts of the letter C land book as proof of ownership of land rights by the village government in the framework of public information disclosure is urgently needed at this time in order to reduce legal conflicts over land disputes. The research method uses empirical legal research with a sociological juridical approach. The research results show that the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations guide the village government. The village government publishes a description of the history of the land based on the letter C book in the village to be given to the applicant, provided that the applicant is a party with a legal relationship with the object for which letter C is requested. Obstacles faced by the village government in providing easy access to excerpts from letter C as proof of ownership of land rights to realize public information disclosure and an alternative solution, namely the disorganization of village administration, especially in the village letter C book.


Introduction
Indonesia is a constitutional state. 1 It aims to realize social security and organize public welfare based on correct and just legal principles to create guarantees and protection for the human rights of its citizens. 2 The law has a function as a protector of everyone's interests. Legal protection itself is the protection and recognition of human rights owned by legal subjects in a state of law based on ap-plicable legal provisions. In order for everyone's interests to be protected, the law must be imple-mented. 3 The government's authority in regulating the land sector is based on the 1945 Constitution article 33 paragraph (3), which confirms that "Earth, water and the natural resources contained therein are controlled by the state to be used as much as possible for the prosperity of the people." Based on this article, the state has to protect Indonesia's earth, which includes land. 4 In order to ensure certainty of land law in Indonesia and as an implementation of the 1945 Constitution, Indonesia currently has a legal umbrella for Indonesian National Land through the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 1960 concerning the Basic Agrarian Law (in the future referred to as UUPA). 5 UUPA regulates land rights in Article 4 of UUPA. Based on the Land Rights contained in Article 4 of the UUPA, there are also various types of Land Rights, as contained in Article 16 paragraph (1) of the UUPA. In addition to the various types of land rights in Article 16 paragraph (1) of the UUPA, in Indonesia, there are still customary rights as the basis for land ownership, as in Letter C. The forms of proof of ownership of land rights in Indonesia are very diverse. This happened because Indonesia became independent in 1945 and only had a national land law in 1960. This is the reason why there is still so much old evidence of land rights that some Indonesian people are still using. 6 In rural areas, there is the potential for many ownership disputes where the object is land, with proof of ownership in the form of Letter C. Letter C is a land register document found in the village as proof of hereditary land ownership. Letter C can be obtained from the village office where the land is located and as proof that the land owner has a record at the village office. 7 Land problems with proof of ownership in the form of Letter C can occur because it departs from the acuteness of the problem, namely the lack of understanding of the importance of proof of ownership for most rural communities. This does not rule out the possibility for rural commu-nities to ignore proof of ownership and even tend to underestimate it so that it is not taken care of properly with the argument or reason that the land has been owned or occupied for genera-tions. However, when problems arise, there is confusion about finding proof of ownership, so it is not uncommon for the village government to become a place to ask questions (reference). This proves that there is still a lack of public awareness regarding the importance of land registration in the form of certificates because there is still little counseling given to the public regarding land certificates, so it does not have the slightest impact on residents being evicted from their land just because other parties have valid certificates. 8 From these conditions, the village government, as the lowest government organization, is always the primary and first reference for the problems faced by its citizens in order to obtain the desired information related to the problems it faces in order to obtain proof of ownership of the land that is controlled or considered as its own. However, it is often not as easy as expected to obtain this information, such as differences in political choices at the time of village head elections, making it difficult to obtain such information. Although, of course, normatively, the village government is not justified in discriminating between its people. So it is hoped that through information disclosure, transparency will be realized to the public so that a harmonious relationship is established between the government and citizens to run the government. 9 Public information is information that is generated, stored, managed, sent, and/or received by a public agency relating to the administration and administration of the state and/or the administration and/or administration of public bodies under the Public Information Disclosure Act and other information that related to the public interest. This also takes advantage of the development of information technology networks using the internet. 10 As for the types, it is stated that the types of information that are the responsibility of public bodies are: First, information that must be made available and announced periodically; Second, information that must be announced immediately; Third, information that must be available at any time; Fourth, excluded information; Fifth, information obtained upon request.
Based on consideration of the issuance of Law no. 14 of 2008 concerning public information disclosure states that information is a basic need for everyone for personal development and social environment and is an essential part of national security and also expressly states that obtaining information is a human right and public information disclosure is one of the characteristics it is crucial for a democratic country that upholds people's sovereignty to realize good state administration. Therefore, to create a democratic state, openness of public information is the central pillar so that the public can optimally supervise the administration of the state and other public bodies and everything that impacts the public interest. Instead of disclosing public information as a means for information applicants to meet with officials to reach a "certain deal," it increases the applicant's bargaining power, adds jobs, and a means of finding fault with others. 11 From these considerations, it is clear that information is not just a need but also a constitutional right guaranteed by the constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. For this reason, state administrators at various levels in Indonesia should facilitate access to information needed by the public. This is under the provisions of the constitution or the 1945 Constitution article 28 F, which reads "that every person has the right to communicate and obtain information to develop his personality and social environment, and has the right to seek, obtain, possess, store, manage, and convey information with using all available channels. For example, the website is owned by the Merjosari Village for data updates so that it is transparent in providing information that the broader community should know under applicable laws. 12 However, with the guarantee of easy access to information for each person, it is also not allowed to harm other people or legal subjects. This is under the provisions of Article 28 J paragraph (1), which states "that everyone is obliged to respect the human rights of others in orderly life in society, nation and state" and also as the provisions of Article 28 J paragraph (2) state "that in ex- | 180 | ercising and freedom, everyone is obliged to comply with the restrictions determined by law with the sole purpose of guaranteeing the recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and to fulfill just demands under considerations of morality, religious values, security and public order in a democratic society." 13 This is in line with the view that the right to information is a fundamental right that is recognized in international and national human rights instruments, but in its implementation, all human rights are not absolute, including the right to public information; limitations can be imposed on its fulfillment as long as these restrictions are implemented. By law and carried out based on interests and proportionately, so that the government limiting the right to public information for the community must be carried out under applicable laws and regulations so that there are no violations of community rights, as the community must have an awareness of the importance public information so that the responsibility for fulfilling the right to information is not left entirely to the state, because the public must be proactive about the information they receive.
Based on the provisions of Article 28 J of the 1945 Constitution, it is clear that disclosure of public information has conditions that explicitly state that the conditions for information to be given or disseminated are information that is not contrary to morals, religious values threatens security and public order in social life and patriotic. So, of course, not all information is given or disclosed, but there are exceptions as stipulated in Article 17 letters a to j Law no. 14 of 2008 concerning Public Information Disclosure.
Based on the fundamental problems in the community mentioned above, they are not aware of the importance of ownership documents, especially for objects in the form of uncertified land, which often results in disputes not realized by the village government. Why is this ownership sourced from legal certainty regarding letter C quotations, while the authority in issuing letter C citations to objects in the form of land is the village government? Therefore, it is a fact that the village government is required to issue letter C as proof of ownership of that right. In such a situation, if the village government is wrong in managing the potential for conflict, it may go to court because, at the same time, there may be parties who feel they are the owners and/or parties with an interest in the object in the form of land. So, in such a situation, how should the village government behave? The attitude of the village government can determine whether the conflict continues or not.
For this reason, what is the role of the village government in anticipating prolonged conflicts so that it affects the social conditions of the community? For this reason, examining the role of the village government in this study is entitled "Easy Access to Land Letter C quotations by the Village Government in the Context of Public Information Disclosure." The author focuses on the central issues regarding the ease of access to letter C quotations of village land by the village government in the context of public information disclosure and what obstacles the village government faces in providing easy access to quotations of village land letter C in order to realize public information disclosure and alternative solutions. Several journals discuss the ease of access to letter C book excerpts. However, the writing in this journal has different problems and characteristics from previous writings, like the journal by Jeana Mantiri and Devie Siwij in the journal Suara Khatulistiwa Government Science. 14 The issue was regarding implementing the Complete Systematic Land Registration Program in Wangurer Utara Village, Madidir District, Bitung City. An article written by Imam Wahyu Aji in the Amnesty Journal discusses the Settlement of Land Disputes Due to Natural Disasters in Bruno District, Purworejo Regency. 15 An article by Fina Rohmatika, Malik Fahad, and Sumriyah in the Khirani Journal discusses the Legal Power of Letter C as Evidence of Land Ownership Rights. 16 Based on the distinction above, it seems that the village government has not been able to touch on issues related to the ease of access to letter C land citations by the village government in the context of public information disclosure. So, from this study, it is hoped that with the role it has, the village government can maximally be able to reduce the emergence of conflicts or ownership disputes over objects in the form of land for which no certificate of ownership has been issued as proof of ownership of rights. This is very important, considering many disputes in the courts seeking justice. However, it only strengthens sentiments between a village's families, groups, and communities. For this reason, the village government, as the front guard close to community conflicts, deserves to be the backbone of the community in obtaining justice.

Method
This study uses empirical research, which describes precisely the properties of an object or the state of symptoms of an object of research. 17 D by conducting direct research on the research object, namely the Gondang Legi Wetan Village Government, Gondanglegi District, Malang Regency, in this case, related to the ease of access to land letter C quotations by the village government in the context of public information disclosure. The approach to the problem is carried out in a sociological juridical manner, which looks at a legal reality in society. This approach is used to examine legal aspects of social interaction in society. It serves as a support for identifying and clarifying findings of non-legal material for research purposes. 18 Data collection through communication, namely holding dialogue or question and answer directly with the Village Head and Secretary of Gondang Legi Wetan Village, Gondanglegi District, Malang Regency. As for obtaining final results that can be accounted for from the material that has been collected, the author uses descriptive qualitative analysis, which is a way to accurately describe the condition of the research object based on the facts that appear or as they are, so that a complete and more profound understanding is obtained. About the subject matter under study.

Ease of Access to Letter C Book Excerpts As Proof of Ownership of Land Rights by the Village Government in the Framework of Public Information
Land is the most basic human need because human life cannot be separated from land. This is why Indonesia is called an agricultural country. 19 The Indonesian state is increasingly experiencing changes in the structure of land ownership rights, followed by the issuance of land regulations. Understanding of initial proof of ownership of land rights between communities and government entities in confl ict zones can be based on the legality of proof of ownership of legal property rights, namely certifi cates. This creates vertical and horizontal gaps, but issuing certifi cates must be preceded by proof of initial ownership, such as book letters C, SPPT, and other evidence available at the village level. 20 The Village Government has the role of providing services to people who wish to register land for the fi rst time by providing preliminary evidence in the form of a copy of letter C. 21 The commitment and awareness must be affi rmed and strengthened again that the village's existence is to regulate and manage the local community's interests and play a role in realizing the ideals of independence based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Independent and democratic to create a strong foundation for governance and development towards a just, prosperous, and prosperous society. For this reason, the village government must realize that its existence is the spearhead of administering government affairs and the local community's interests in the smallest scope within the system of government of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia.
As the spearhead of administering government affairs and the interests of the community, the Village Head or what is referred to by another name assisted by Village offi cials as an element of the Village Government administration, in the future referred to as the village government, must then position himself as a public servant to facilitate all matters and interests of the village community. What is meant by the interests of the village community here are all the interests of the village community, including the interests of legal certainty regarding the ownership of an asset owned by the community. For this reason, the village government in administering village governance is always guided by and based on principles including legal certainty, orderly governance, orderly public interest, openness, proportionality, professionalism, accountability, effectiveness and efficiency, local wisdom, diversity, and participation.
Particularly in terms of the subject of this issue, namely related to interests in the context of providing legal certainty for proof of ownership of village community assets related to letter C citations, then in principle, the village government, in this case, is the main task of the village government, especially the village head, not making things diffi cult. However, it provides convenience in terms of accessing letter C citations of existing land in the village owned by the community. This Kometmin is, of course, in line with the principles or principles of openness as based on letter (d) of Law No. 6 of 2014 concerning villages, which means opening up to the community's right to obtain correct, honest, and non-discriminatory information about the administration of Village Government while still paying attention to the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations. This is the fruit of the awareness of the importance of information for the community as mandated in Law No. 14 of 2008 concerning public information disclosure. For this reason, in order to carry out the mandate of Law No. 14 of 2008 concerning openness of public information, which obliges state administrators to facilitate access to information as a strengthening of democracy, of course, the village government will carry it out, but with due observance of the applicable legal provisions. Therefore, in order to provide easy access for people who have an interest in excerpts from the Letter C book as proof of ownership of land rights by the village government in the framework of public information disclosure, of course, the village government wants it to be fully implemented under applicable regulations so that there is not the slightest intention of making efforts to serve the interests of the community.
The village government, in carrying out this commitment, is always within the framework of paying attention to the provisions of Article 17 letter (g) of Law no. 14 of 2008 concerning Public Information Disclosure, which contains "that Public Information when opened, can reveal the contents of an authentic deed that is personal and someone's last will or testament." Based on these provisions, it is considered a provision to provide restrictions, not to provide information on what is requested by the public. This information includes information excluded from being accessible except with the written consent of the party directly concerned with the object. So, on that basis, these provisions often become the reasons and grounds used for not giving easy access to letter C book excerpts as proof of ownership of land rights by the village government.
However, it was hazardous for the village government. After all, it would make a lousy judgment according to the requesting party because it was considered that the village government was making it difficult for him to get access to justice. This, of course, will make the dispute more complex, and it will drag on until it reaches the court. Therefore, the government should strive to manage the potential for conflict, but because of these conditions or the existence of these regulatory restrictions, the village government chooses to be passive; it is undeniable that this is solely to find a safe position so that it does not become part of the dispute between the parties. This condition is because the party requesting to be given easy access to excerpts from booklet C as proof of ownership of land rights also claims to be a party who feels that he owns or owns or has an interest in the object in the form of the land, so in such a situation it is often the village government is in a dilemmatic position, on the one hand, the village government can become a mediator so that the conflict can stop. On the other hand, it is also guided by the provisions of Article 17 letter (g) of Law no. 14 of 2008 concerning Public Information Disclosure, which contains exceptions for not granting access because such information includes information that is excluded from being accessible except with the written consent of the party directly concerned with the object in dispute.
This is based on the provisions of Article 18 paragraph (1) to (7) of Law no. 14 of 2008 concerning Public Information Disclosure, which regulates the provision of notable exceptions based on Article 18 of Law no. 14 of 2008 concerning Public Information Disclosure. Especially paragraph 2 letter (a), which, in principle, "does not include information that is exempt as referred to in Article 17 letter g and letter h, that is, if the party whose secret is disclosed gives written approval" and | 184 | because based on the provisions of Article 18 paragraph 2 letter (a) Law No. 14 of 2008 concerning public information disclosure, it is not possible for the village government to ask for approval from parties who claim to be the owners. Because of that, the village government is often forced to take a safe position by directing the parties to be resolved through the courts; this is solely to avoid any prejudice from the community that the village government, especially the village head, sided with one party.
Seeing the importance of excerpts from letter C for the community in order to provide easy access, the village government, guided by the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations, is still in a conventional way, namely based on an application letter from the applicant and then the village government describes the land history based on the letter book. In the new village, the village government gave it to the applicant on condition that the applicant is a party with a legal relationship (stated by name or heir) of the object for which letter C is requested. If the applicant does not have a legal relationship with the object requested, then of course, the village government does not dare to issue the letter C excerpt being requested, except by order of the court, either directly asked to open the letter C book before the panel of judges during the trial of examining witnesses or at when the local inspection took place which could be the trial was held at the village office.
In order to provide services to the community under the mandate of Law Number 14 of 2008, namely the realization of public information disclosure. So, the village government seeks easy access to people interested in obtaining Letter C book excerpts as proof of ownership of their land rights that have not been certified as property rights or SHM. However, in order to provide easy access, of course, various problems become obstacles to achieving the goal of public information disclosure as a pillar of a democratic state mandated by Law No. 14 of 2008 concerning Public Information Disclosure, including;

Disorganized Administration of the Village Government, Especially in the Village Letter C Book
A very acute and fundamental problem in village government is related to order in government administration, especially concerning records in the letter C book, which is the reference and basis for proof of ownership and the transfer of ownership rights to land from one party to another. This disorganized administration is, of course, the source of fundamental problems related to easy access to excerpts from Letter C books as proof of ownership of land rights by the village government in the context of public information disclosure for village communities with this interest. So, the administrative irregularities related to the transfer and/or ownership certificate records that should have been written and recorded in the letter C book were the ones that ultimately became the cause; There is no data (information) in the book letter C on the object requested: Whereas the disorderly administration in the letter C book related to the ownership of rights and/or the transfer of ownership of land rights, of course, this may result in the non-recording of history or history of ownership of the object in the form of land, thus making the object in the form of land not recorded Therefore, if there is a request for access to a letter c book excerpt as proof of ownership, then it is clear that the village government cannot provide it or serve the request properly as mandated by Law No. 14 of 2008 concerning public information disclosure.
There is data (information) in the letter C book, but it is not under reality (block and class differences). It still stems from the problem of the disorderly administration of the village government | 185 | P-ISSN: 2356-4962, E-ISSN: 2598-6538 regarding the existence of a letter C book related to the ownership of rights and/or the transfer of ownership of land rights. As a result, the emergence of problems that are often encountered is the existence of data in the letter C book that is not under reality (block and class differences) so that the result is not clear about the object in question or what is at issue with what is written in the letter c book which is a guideline for ownership and transfer a right to land that is still experienced and occurs in the village. This condition is very detrimental to the community, so the existence of the letter C book cannot help solve the problems faced by people looking for proof of ownership to obtain legal certainty for the assets they own.
In contrast to the problem above, or maybe it could be a complement to village government administration problems, this problem lies in the unprofessional condition of the village government in terms of storing and maintaining an essential document in the form of letter c, so that its actions result in the condition of the letter c book becoming unmaintained using. Hence, it is not easy to read and understand its contents. This is, of course, a separate obstacle for the village government to provide easy access to letter C books to provide legal certainty over the ownership of an asset in the form of land.
This problem may not appear on the surface. However, it has an extraordinary impact, especially in carrying out good village governance, which aims to provide the best service for the interests of the community. However, the goals that are aspired to are often not easy to implement; in fact, they are full of challenges caused by political elites in the village or caused by the previous former village head, who could have lost the momentum of the village head election or the candidate who was championed as the bride and groom lost the head election. Village, so as a result.
The letter C book was not given to the elected village head by the former village head long after the office handover. It became a hereditary disease after the democratic momentum of the village head elections, resulting in conflicts that overshadowed the next period of government. From the existence of this conflict, the government for the next period may not be able to provide services to the community optimally; this is related to the existence of the Letter C Book, which the old village head may not have given to the new village head after the handover of office. Such a situation will undoubtedly disrupt easy access to excerpts from the Letter C book as proof of ownership of land rights by the village government in the framework of public information disclosure. This condition was undoubtedly used by the previous village head, who was not re-elected, to impress the community that the elected village head could not carry out his duties properly, so the elected village head was seen as unable to carry out his duties properly (unfavorable) by the community. In this condition, it is clear that the community is disadvantaged because whoever becomes the next village head, all government files should be handed over to him so that the government can run optimally and get better.
The emergence of negative feelings and impressions of some village communities, such as feeling not served, being made complex, and the village head being judged to be one-sided or one-sided. This mental condition is due to the feeling that they do not support the elected village head, so they are reluctant and afraid of not being served when they want to request or arrange any documents in the village, including excerpts from the letter C book as proof of ownership of land rights. Hence, they tend to wait for the replacement of a new village head. Due to the prejudice that occurred, in the end, some people with different political views did not take care of any documents and tended to wait for the time when the village head had changed. In the end, in such a situation, it is clear that it will be detrimental, and if some people have problems with proof of ownership of | 186 | their assets, they will experience difficulties, which, in the end, will feel they are not getting justice.
Based on the abovementioned obstacles, to create public information disclosure as mandated by Law No. 14 of 2008 concerning public information disclosure. So, the village government, in this case, needs to be encouraged to innovate strategic steps as concrete actions in providing alternative solutions to the obstacles mentioned above, including: a). Encouraging the PTSL program in villages; b). Digitizing letter C books so they are easy to access and transparent in case of a transfer of rights; and c). Provide socialization or awareness to the public about the importance of title ownership certificates as proof of legal ownership. So that if found in the future there are legal issues related to the ownership of assets in the form of land, they will get more legal certainty.

Conclusion
Whereas in providing easy access to excerpts from letter c as proof of ownership of land rights by the village government in the framework of public information disclosure, the village government is guided by the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations, although still in a conventional way, namely based on a letter of application from the applicant and then the village government issues a description of the history of the land based on the letter c book in the village to be given to the applicant provided that the applicant is a party that has a legal relationship with the object for which the letter c quote is requested. If these conditions are not met, the village government will not issue the letter c excerpt being applied for, except on a court order. The obstacles faced by the village government in providing easy access to Letter C book excerpts as proof of ownership of land rights in order to realize public information disclosure, namely the disorganized administration of the village government, especially in the Village Letter C book, which resulted in no data (information) in the letter c book on the object requested. There is data (information) in the letter C book. However, did not under the facts (block and class differences), the condition of the Letter C book, which is outdated (difficult to read), and the political differences during the election of the village head, which resulted in not being given the Letter C book to village heads elected by former village heads who took a long time after handing over positions and negative feelings and impressions emerged from some villagers such as feeling not served, being made complex, the village head is judged to be one-sided or one-sided. The alternative solutions are encouraging the PTSL program in the village, digitizing the letter C book so that it is easy to access and transparent when there is a transfer of rights, and providing socialization or awareness to the community about the importance of title ownership certificates as proof of legal ownership.