Detection of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia using SMMT and Watershed with DenseNet121 Classification
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26905/jeemecs.v8i2.15545Keywords:
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, Segmentation, Watershed, SMMT, DenseNet121Abstract
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is a type of blood cancer that commonly affects children and requires early detection to improve treatment success. This study proposes a method for ALL detection based on microscopic images of white blood cells using a deep learning approach. The research stages include data preprocessing with augmentation and the Self-Dual Multiscale Morphological Toggle (SMMT) method, segmentation using the Watershed method to separate the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, and classification using the DenseNet121 architecture. The dataset used consists of four classes of blood cells and is processed to be balanced before being trained on the model. The evaluation was carried out based on three batch-size testing scenarios to measure the effect of configuration on model performance. The results showed that the combination of SMMT and Watershed segmentation methods improved the quality of visual image features, while classification using DenseNet121 provided high accuracy with the best results at batch size 8, reaching 97%. This study proves that the combination of segmentation and deep learning techniques effectively detects ALL and can be further developed for automatic diagnostic systems.
Downloads
References
[1] S. Devella, Y. Yohannes, and C. A. Putra, "The Use of Saliency-SURF Features for White Blood Cell Image Classification with SVM Method," JATISI (Journal of Information Technology and System Information), vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1998-2009, 2021.
[2] Medical Technology, "Learn about the Five Common White Blood Cells," University of Wisconsin Oshkosh,2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.uwosh.edu/med_tech/what-is-elementary-hematology/white-blood-cells/ . Accessed: July 31, 2019.
[3] I.P. P. Banik, R. Saha, and K.-D. Kim, "An Automatic Nucleus Segmentation and CNN Model based Classification Method of White Blood Cell," Expert Systems with Applications, 113211, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113211.
[4] D. Garniasih, S. Susanah, Y. Sribudiani, and D. Hilmanto, "The Incidence and Mortality of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Indonesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis," PloS One, vol. 17, no. 6, p. e0269706, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269706.
[5] L. M. Samsu and I. Fathurrahman, "Adaptive Thresholding Algorithms and Morphological to Improve the Quality of Takepan Sasak Image Readability," in Proc. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1539, no. 1, p. 012031, IOP Publishing, May 2020.
[6] L. Lina, D. Reynaldo, D. Danny, and A. Chris, "White blood cells detection from unstained microscopic images using modified watershed segmentation," IAENG International Journal of Computer Science, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 1151–1161, 2021.
[7] G. Hiremath, J. A. Mathew, and N. K. Boraiah, "Hybrid Statistical and Texture Features with DenseNet 121 for Breast Cancer Classification," International Journal of Intelligent Engineering & Systems, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. –, 2023.
[8] N. A. Pakpahan and I. M. H. Sinaga, "Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia," Medical Methodist Journal, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://ejurnal.methodist.ac.id. [Accessed: Dec. 20, 2024].
[9] A. Bodzas, P. Kodytek, and J. Zidek, "Automated Detection of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia from Microscopic Images Based on Human Visual Perception," Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, vol. 8, pp. 1005, 2020, doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.01005.
[10] Munir, "Definition of Image and Digital Image," Jurnal Teknologi Informasi, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 13-19, 2004.
[11] Putra, "Introduction to Digital Image," Jurnal Sistem Komputer, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 45-53, 2010.
[12] Fikriya, Irawan, and Soetrisno, "Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing," Jurnal Pengolahan Citra, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 88-95, 2017.
[13] N. Nafi’iyah, "Kohonen Algorithm in Converting Graylevel Image to Binary Image," Jitika, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 49–55, Aug. 2015.
[14] I. Basuki and A. Ramadijanti, "Digital Image Processing and Its Applications," 2005.
[15] R. P. Rianto and A. Harjoko, "Digital Image Processing Processes," 2017.
[16] "Glossary - Mathematical Morphology," [Online]. Available: http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/matmorph.htm. [Accessed: Dec. 15, 2016].
[17] S. Zahrah, R. Saptono, and E. Suryani, "Identification of Rice Disease Symptoms Using Image Morphological Operations," in Seminar Nasional Ilmu Komputer (SNIK 2016), Semarang, Indonesia, Oct. 2016, vol. 10.
[18] R. Adipranata, A. Handojo, I. Prayogo, and O. Y. Yuliana, "Design and Development of an Image Segmentation Application Using the Morphological Watershed Method," Department of Computer Science, Petra University, 2015.
[19] E. S. F. Hutagalung and P. Sitompul, "Implementation of Deep Learning Using CNN Method for Classification of Toba Batak Ulos Types," Student Scientific Creativity Journal (SSCJ), vol. 1, pp. 1–19, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.55606/sscj-amik.v1i4.1541.
[20] H. A. Firmansyah, M. Kurniawan, C. N. Prabiantissa, and S. Muharom, "Classification of Zingiberaceae Rhizome Plant Types Using CNN and VGG 19 Methods," Jurnal TIKA Fakultas Ilmu Komputer Universitas Almuslim, vol. 9, pp. 62–68, 2024.
[21] K. A. Baihaqi and Z. C. Zonyfar, "Detection of Agricultural Land Affected by Rat Pests Using Yolo v5," Syntax: Jurnal Informatika, vol. 11, pp. 1–9, 2022.
[22] J. Pardede and D. A. L. Putra, "Implementation of DenseNet for Identifying Melanoma Skin Cancer," Jurnal Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi, vol. 6, no. 3, 2020.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 JEEMECS (Journal of Electrical Engineering, Mechatronic and Computer Science)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Our ethic statements are based on COPE’s Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors.
Publication decisions
The editor is responsible for deciding which of the articles submitted to the journal should be published.
The editor may be guided by the policies of the journal's editorial board and constrained by such legal requirements as shall then be in force regarding libel, copyright infringement and plagiarism. The editor may confer with other editors or reviewers in making this decision.
Fair play
An editor at any time evaluate manuscripts for their intellectual content without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, citizenship, or political philosophy of the authors.
Confidentiality
The editor and any editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, potential reviewers, other editorial advisers, and the publisher, as appropriate.
Disclosure and conflicts of interest
Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in an editor's own research without the express written consent of the author.
Duties of Reviewers
Contribution to Editorial Decisions
Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions and through the editorial communications with the author may also assist the author in improving the paper.
Promptness
Any selected referee who feels unqualified to review the research reported in a manuscript or knows that its prompt review will be impossible should notify the editor and excuse himself from the review process.
Confidentiality
Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. They must not be shown to or discussed with others except as authorized by the editor.
Standards of Objectivity
Reviews should be conducted objectively. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. Referees should express their views clearly with supporting arguments.
Acknowledgement of Sources
Reviewers should identify relevant published work that has not been cited by the authors. Any statement that an observation, derivation, or argument had been previously reported should be accompanied by the relevant citation. A reviewer should also call to the editor's attention any substantial similarity or overlap between the manuscript under consideration and any other published paper of which they have personal knowledge.
Disclosure and Conflict of Interest
Privileged information or ideas obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal advantage. Reviewers should not consider manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions connected to the papers.
Duties of Authors
Reporting standards
Authors of reports of original research should present an accurate account of the work performed as well as an objective discussion of its significance. Underlying data should be represented accurately in the paper. A paper should contain sufficient detail and references to permit others to replicate the work. Fraudulent or knowingly inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and are unacceptable.
Originality and Plagiarism
The authors should ensure that they have written entirely original works, and if the authors have used the work and/or words of others that this has been appropriately cited or quoted.
Multiple, Redundant or Concurrent Publication
An author should not in general publish manuscripts describing essentially the same research in more than one journal or primary publication. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behaviour and is unacceptable.
Acknowledgement of Sources
Proper acknowledgment of the work of others must always be given. Authors should cite publications that have been influential in determining the nature of the reported work.
Authorship of the Paper
Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. All those who have made significant contributions should be listed as co-authors. Where there are others who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the research project, they should be acknowledged or listed as contributors.
The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included on the paper, and that all co-authors have seen and approved the final version of the paper and have agreed to its submission for publication.
Disclosure and Conflicts of Interest
All authors should disclose in their manuscript any financial or other substantive conflict of interest that might be construed to influence the results or interpretation of their manuscript. All sources of financial support for the project should be disclosed.
Fundamental errors in published works
When an author discovers a significant error or inaccuracy in his/her own published work, it is the author’s obligation to promptly notify the journal editor or publisher and cooperate with the editor to retract or correct the paper.
