Family Ownership, Women in Top Management and Risk-Taking: Evidence from Indonesia
Abstract
Family firms were widely recognized to have a substantial contribution to the economy, especially in emerging economies. However, some previous studies reveal that family firms tend to be conservative and unwilling to take more risks. We extended the literature by investigating whether there was a difference in risk-taking behavior between family and non-family firms in the context of Indonesia. Moreover, the presence of women in the top management also considered negatively correlated with risk-taking strategy. Therefore, this study empirically examined the effects of family ownership and women in top management on a risk-taking strategy of firms. Using data of 336 publicly traded firms in Indonesia over 2012-2016, this study confirmed the negative effect of family ownership and women in top management on corporate risk-taking. Family ownership and involvement as the CEO of the firms negatively associated with the level of risk taking. Moreover, our results reveal that the presence of women was a matter more to decrease corporate risk-taking when they served in the board of directors rather than in the board of commissioners.
JEL Classification: G32, M14
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v22i4.2452
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Anderson, R. C., & Reeb, D. M. (2003). Founding family ownership and firm performance: Evidence from the S&P 500. Journal of Finance, 58(3), 1301-1328. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6261.00567
Andres, C. (2008). Large shareholders and firm performance- An empirical examination of founding-family ownership. Journal of Corporate Finance, 14(4), 431–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2008.05.003
Barber, B. M. & Odean, T. (2001). Boys will be boys: Gender, overconfidence, and common stock investment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1), 261-292. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355301556400
Bhaumik S. K., & Gregoriu, A. (2010). ‘Family’ ownership, tunneling, and earnings management: A review of the literature. Journal of Economic Surveys, 24(4), 705-730. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2009.00608.x
Burkart, M., Panunzi, F., & Shleifer, A. (2003). Family firms. Journal of Finance, 58(5), 2167-2202. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6261.00601
Byrnes, J. P., Miller, D. C., & Schafer, W. D. (1999). Gender differences in risk taking: A meta-analysis. The American Psychological Bulletin, 125(3), 367-383. http://psycnet.apa.org/buy/1999-13573-004
Charness, G., & Gneezy, U. (2012). Strong evidence for gender differences in risk taking. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 83(1), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2011.06.007
Chen, H-L., & Hsu, W-T. (2009). Family ownership, board independence, and R&D investment. Family Business Review, 22(4), 347-362. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486509341062
Chu, W. (2011). Family ownership and firm performance: Influence of family management, family control, and firm size. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 28(4), 833–851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-009-9180-1
Croci, E., Doukas, J. A., & Gonenc, H. (2011). Family control and financing decisions. European Financial Management, 17(5), 860–897. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-036X.2011.00631.x
Darmadi, S. (2011). Board diversity and firm performance: The Indonesian evidence. Corporate Ownership and Control 8(2-4), 450-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv8i2c4p4
Deaves, R., Luders, E., & Luo, G. Y. (2009). An experimental test of the impact of overconfidence and gender on trading activity. Review of Finance, 13(3), 555-575. https://doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfn023
Dyer, W. G. Jr. (2006). Examining the ‘family effect’ on firm performance. Family Business Review, 19(4), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2006.00074.x
Faccio, M., & Lang, L. H. P. (2002). The ultimate ownership of Western European corporations. Journal of Financial Economics, 65(3), 365-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(02)00146-0
Filatotchev, I., Lien, Y. C., & Piesse, J. (2005). Corporate governance and performance in publicly listed, family-controlled firms: Evidence from Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 22(3), 257–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-005-3569-2
García-Meca, E., García-Sánchez, I-M., & Martínez-Ferrero, J. (2015). Board diversity and its effects on bank performance: An international analysis. Journal of Banking & Finance, 53, 202–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.12.002
Gómez-Mejía, L. R., Haynes, K. T., Nunez-Nickel, M., & Jacobson, K. J. L., & Moyano-Fuentes, J. (2007). Socioemotional wealth and business risks in family-controlled firms: Evidence from Spanish olive oil mills. Administration Science Quarterly, 52(1), 106-137. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.52.1.106
Habbershon, T. G., Williams, M., & MacMillan, I. C. (2003). A unified systems perspective of family firm performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(4), 451-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00053-3
Hillman, A. J., Cannella-Jr, A. A., & Harris, I. C. (2002). Women and racial minorities in the boardroom: How do directors differ? Journal of Management, 28(6), 747-763. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(02)00192-7
Huang, J. & Kisgen, D. J. (2013). Gender and corporate finance: Are male executives overconfident relative to female executives? Journal of Financial Economics, 108(3), 822-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2012.12.005
Jiang, Y., & Peng, M. W. (2010). Are family ownership and control in large firms good, ba,d or irrelevant? Asia Pacific Journal Management, 28(1), 15-39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-010-9228-2
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. (1999). The quality of government. Journal of Law Economic Organization, 15(1), 222-279. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/15.1.222
Lee, J. (2006). Family firm performance: Further evidence. Family Business Review, 19(2), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2006.00060.x
Lin, W. T. (2011). Family ownership and internationalization processes: Internationalization pace, internationalization scope, and internationalization rhythm. European Management Journal, 30(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2011.10.003
Maury, B. (2006). Family ownership and firm performance: Empirical evidence from Western European corporations. Journal of Corporate Finance, 12(2), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2005.02.002
Midavaine, J., Dolfsma, W., Aalbers, R. (2016). Board diversity and R&D investment. Management Decision, 54(3), 558-569. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2014-0574
Miller, D., & Le Breton-Miller, I. (2006). Family governance and firm performance: Agency, stewardship, and capabilities. Family Business Review, 19(1), 73-87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2006.00063.x
Morck, R., & Yeung, B. Y. (2004). Special issues relating to corporate governance and family control. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3406. https://ssrn.com/abstract=625283
Naldi, L., Nordqvist, M., Sjöberg, K., & Wiklund, J. 2007. Entrepreneurial orientation, risk taking, and performance in family firms. Family Business Review, 20(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.2007.00082.x
Nguyen, P. (2011). Corporate governance and risk-taking: Evidence from Japanese firms. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 19(3), 278-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2010.12.002
Nielsen, S., & Huse, M. (2010). Women directors’ contribution to board decision-making and strategic involvement: The role of equality perception. European Management Review, 7(1), 16-29. https://doi.org/10.1057/emr.2009.27
Pieper, T. M., Klein, S. B., & Jaskiewicz, P. (2008). The impact of goal alignment on board existence and top management team composition: Evidence from family-influenced businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 46(3), 372-394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2008.00249.x
Post, C., & Byron, K. (2015). Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), 1546–1571. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0319
Prabowo, M. A. (2013). Performance of family-controlled firms: Do political connections matter? Jurnal Akuntansi & Auditing Indonesia, 17(2), 115–122. 10.20885/jaai.vol17.iss2.art3
Prabowo, M. A., Untoro, W., Trinugroho, I., & Angriawan, A. (2014). State-owned enterprises, efficiency, and performance: The case of Indonesia. International Business Management, 8(2), 153-158. 10.3923/ibm.2014.153.158
Sawitri, H. S. R., Untoro, W., & Trinugroho, I. (2016). Women in top management and bank performance: Evidence from Indonesia. Indonesian Capital Market Review, 8(1) 23-31. https://doi/org/10.21002/icmr.v8i1.5537
Setiawan, D., Bandi, B., Phua, L. K., & Trinugroho, I. (2016). Ownership structure and dividend policy in Indonesia. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 10(3), 230–252. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-05-2015-0053
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., & Chua, J. H. (1997). Strategic management of the family business: Past research and future challenges. Family Business Review, 10(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6248.1997.00001.x
Sila, V., Gonzalez, A., & Hagendorff, J. (2016). Women on board: Does boardroom gender diversity affect firm risk? Journal of Corporate Finance, 36, 26–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2015.10.003
Smith, N., Smith, V., & Verner, M. (2007). Do women in top management affect firm performance? A panel study of 2500 Danish firms. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 55(7), 569 –593. https://doi.org/10.1108/17410400610702160
Strøm, R. O., D’Espallier, B., & Mersland, R. (2014). Female leadership, performance, and governance in microfinance institutions. Journal of Banking & Finance, 42, 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.01.014
Tsao, C. W., Chen, S. J., Lin, C. S., & Hyde, W. (2009). Founding-family ownership and firm performance: The role of high-performance work system. Family Business Review, 22(4), 319-332. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486509339322
Untoro, W., Permatasari, W., Trinugroho, I., & Setiawan, D. (2017). Past performance, family business, and CEO succession: The case of Indonesia. International Journal of Trade and Global Markets, 10(2-3), 236-250. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTGM.2017.086071
Villalonga, B., & Amit, R. (2006). How do family ownership, control, and management affect firm value? Journal Financial Economics, 80(2), 385-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.12.005
Zahra, S. A. (2005). Entrepreneurial risk taking in family firms: The wellspring of the regenerative capability. Family Business Review, 31(2), 216-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894486518776871
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v22i4.2452
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Jurnal Keuangan dan Perbankan (Journal of Finance and Banking)
Diploma Program of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Merdeka Malang
Published by University of Merdeka Malang
Mailing Address:
2nd floor Finance and Banking Building, Jl. Terusan Raya Dieng No. 57 Malang, East Java, Indonesia
Phone: -
Email: [email protected]
This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0