The Determinants of Manufacturing Firms' Transfer Pricing Decisions in Indonesia

Badingatus Solikhah, Deni Dwi Aryani, Anna Kania Widiatami

Abstract


The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of tunneling incentives, corporate governance mechanisms, foreign operations, bonus mechanisms, and debt covenants toward transfer pricing. This study compares two proxies for transfer pricing variables: Related Party Transaction Asset and Liability (RPTAL) and Transfer Pricing Intensity (TPI). Manufacturing companies that have transactions with foreign related parties are employed in this study. The researchers purposively selected the Panel data from 24 companies in the period 2014 - 2018. There were 120 units analyzed using panel data regression. The research shows that transfer pricing practice via asset and liability transactions (RPTAL) and related parties receivables transaction is relatively high. The difference in the scope of measurement with the RPTAL and TPI causes differences n the study results in model 1 and model 2. Model 1 showed tunneling incentives, foreign operations, and debt covenants proved to have a significant positive effect. In model 2, it is found there is a positive association between tunneling incentives and transfer pricing.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v25i1.5127


Keywords


Transfer Pricing; Corporate Governance Mechanism; Foreign Operation; Bonus Mechanism; Debt Convenant

Full Text:

PDF

References


Amidu, M., Coffie, W., & Acquah, P. (2017). Transfer pricing, earnings management and tax avoidance of firms in Ghana. Journal of Financial Crime, 1–26.

Armstrong, C. S., Blouin, J. L., Jagolinzer, A. D., & Larcker, D. F. (2015). Corporate governance, incentives, and tax avoidance. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 60(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2015.02.003

Azzura, C. S., & Pratama, A. (2019). Influence of Taxes, Exchange Rate, Profitability, and Tunneling Incentive on Company Decisions of Transferring Pricing. Jurnal Akuntansi Berkelanjutan Indonesia, 2(1), 123. https://doi.org/10.32493/jabi.v2i1.y2019.p123-133

Borge, M.Z, Byberg, K., Schindler, D., & Hopland, A. O. (2018). The Tightness of Country-specific Income Shifting Regulation and Multinationals’ Transfer Pricing: : an empirical study of European multinational corporations and their majority-owned affiliates worldwide. Master Thesis. NHH Brage. retreived from https://openaccess.nhh.no/nhh-xmlui/handle/11250/2585905.

Chan, K. H., Lo, A. W. Y., & Mo, P. L. L. (2015). An empirical analysis of the changes in tax audit focus on international transfer pricing. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 24, 94–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intaccaudtax.2014.12.001

Cheung, Y. L., Jing, L., Lu, T., Rau, P. R., & Stouraitis, A. (2009). Tunneling and propping up: An analysis of related party transactions by Chinese listed companies. Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 17(3), 372–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2008.10.001

Cristea, A. D., & Nguyen, D. X. (2016). Transfer Pricing by Multinational Firms: New Evidence from Foreign Firm Ownerships. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 8(3), 170 - 202. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20130407

Davies, R. B., Martin, J., Parenti, M., Toubal, F., Behrens, K., Cline, R., Conconi, P., Cristea, A., Eden, L., Egger, P., Fontagné, L., Gresik, T., Hines, J., & Legros, P. (2016). Knocking on Tax Haven ’ s Door : Multinational Firms and Transfer Pricing. 613504.

Direktorat Jenderal Pajak. (2018). Lakin Djp. Laporan Kinerja Direktorat Jenderal Pajak 2018, 1–118. https://www.pajak.go.id/sites/default/files/2019-05/LAKIN DJP 2018.pdf

El-Helaly, M. (2018). Related-party transactions: a review of the regulation, governance and auditing literature. Managerial Auditing Journal. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1108/MAJ-07-2017-1602

Falahat, M., & Migin, M. W. (2017). Export performance of international new ventures in emerging market. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 19(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijbg.2017.10005602

Holtzman, Y. & Nagel, P. (2014). An Introduction To Transfer Pricing. Journal of Management Development, 33(1), 57–61. DOI: 10.1108/JMD-11-2013-0139

Hu, H. W., & Sun, P. (2019). What determines the severity of tunneling in China? Asia Pacific Journal Management, 36, 161 - 184. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-018-9582-z

Indrasti, A. W. (2016). Pengaruh Pajak, Kepemilikan Asing, Bonus Plan dan Debt Covenant Terhadap Keputusan Perusahaan Untuk Melakukan Transfer Pricing (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2012-2015). Jurnal Akuntansi, 9(6), 348–371. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

Jafri, H. E., & Mustikasari, E. (2018). Pengaruh Perencaan Pajak, Tunnneling Incentive dan Aset Tidak Berwujud Terhadap Perilaku Transfer Pricing pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Memiliki Hubungan Istimewa yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2014-2016. Berkala Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Indonesia, 3(2), 63. https://doi.org/10.20473/baki.v3i2.9969

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of The Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3, 3, 305–360.

Lestari, J. & Solikhah, B. (2019). The Effect of CSR, Tunneling Incentive, Fiscal Loss Compensation, Debt Policy, Profitability, Firm Size to Tax Avoidance. Accounting Analysis Journal, 8(1), 31-37. DOI 10.15294/aaj.v8i1.23103

Lin, C. W., & Chang, H. C. (2010). Motives of transfer pricing strategies - Systemic analysis. Industrial Management and Data Systems, 110(8), 1215–1233. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635571011077843

Lo, A. W. Y., Wong, R. M. K., & Firth, M. (2010). Tax, financial reporting, and tunneling incentives for income shifting: An empirical analysis of the transfer pricing behavior of Chinese-listed companies. Journal of the American Taxation Association, 32(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.2308/jata.2010.32.2.1

Mariano, B., & Tribó Giné, J. A. (2015). Creditor Intervention, Investment, and Growth Opportunities. Journal of Financial Services Research, 47(2), 203–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10693-013-0188-9

Martins, A. F. (2017). Accounting information and its impact in transfer pricing tax compliance: a Portuguese view. EuroMed Journal of Business, 12(2), 207–220. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-11-2016-0029

Merle, R., Al-Gamrh, B., & Ahsan, T. (2019). Tax havens and transfer pricing intensity: Evidence from the French CAC-40 listed firms. Cogent Business and Management, 6(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019.1647918

Minnick, K., & Noga, T. (2010). Do corporate governance characteristics influence tax management? Journal of Corporate Finance, 16(5), 703–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2010.08.005

Mispiyanti. (2015). Pengaruh Pajak, Tunneling Incentive dan Mekanisme Bonus terhadap Keputusan Transfer Pricing. Jurnal Akuntansi & Investasi, 16(1), hal. 62-73.

Nazihah, A., Azwardi, & Fuadah, L. L. (2019). The Effect Of Tax, Tunneling Incentive, Bonus Mechanisms, And Firm Size On Transfer Pricing (Indonesian Evidence). Journal of Accounting Finance and Auditing Studies (JAFAS), 5(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.32602/jafas.2019.0

Nguyen, N. T. (2019). The Relationship between FDI Enterprise Earnings and Signs of Transfer Pricing. Journal of Sustainable Development, 12(4), 99. https://doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n4p99

Niazi, A. A., Qazi, T. F., & Basit, A. (2019). Expounding the Structure of Slyer Ways of Tunneling in Pakistan. Global Regional Review, IV(II), 329 - 343. doi:10.31703/grr.2019(IV-II).35

Noviastika, D., Mayowan, Y., & Karjo, S. (2016). Pengaruh Pajak, Tunneling Incentive Dan Good Corporate Governance (GCG) Terhadap Indikasi Melakukan Transfer Pricing Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia (Studi Pada Bursa Efek Indonesia Yang Berkaitan Dengan Perusahaan Asing). Jurnal Perpajakan, 8(1), 1–9.

Nuradila, R. F., & Wibowo, R. A. (2018). Tax Minimization sebagai Pemoderasi Hubungan antara Tunneling Incentive, Bonus Mechanism dan Debt Convenant dengan Keputusan Transfer Pricing. Journal of Islamic Finance and Accounting, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.22515/jifa.v1i1.1135

Permana, A. R. D., & Zulaikha. (2015). Pengaruh corporate Governance Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia 2011-2014). Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 4(4), 1–11.

Pratama, A. (2020). Corporate governance, foreign operations and transfer pricing practice: The case of Indonesian manufacturing companies. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 24(2), 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2020.105167

Purnamawati, I. G. A., Yuniarta, G. A., & Astria, P. R. (2017). Good Corporate Governance Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Melalui Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure. Jurnal Keuangan Dan Perbankan, 21(2), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v21i2.505

Refgia, T., Ratnawati, V., & Rusli. (2017). Pengaruh Pajak, Mekanisme Bonus, Ukuran Perusahaan, Kepemilikan Asing, dan Tunneling Incentive Terhadap Transfer Pricing (Perusahaan Sektor Industri Dasar Dan Kimia Yang Listing Di BEI Tahun 2011-2014). Jurnal Online Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Riau, 4(1), 543–555.

Robu, I. B., & Căpățină-Verdeș, N. (2017). „The assessment of the transfer pricing influence on the income tax through the net margin method, in the case of the companies listed on the Bucharest Stock Exchange”. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference Accounting and Management Information Systems (pp. 262-275).

Rosadi, F. (2019). Mengejar Lompatan Rasio: Fenomena Tax Ratio Indonesia. Media Keuangan, 15(138) 3-53. Jakarta: Sekretariat Jendral Kementrian Keuangan.

Saraswati, G. A. R. S., & Sujana, I.K. (2017). Pengaruh Pajak, Mekanisme Bonus, Dan Tunneling Incentive Pada Indikasi Melakukan Transfer Pricing. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 19, 1000–1029.

Septiyani, R. P. P., Ramadhanti, W., & Sudibyo, Y. A. (2018). Some Factors That Affect Transfer Pricing Decision. SAR (Soedirman Accounting Review) : Journal of Accounting and Business, 3(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.20884/1.sar.2018.3.1.1158

Setiawan, H. (2014). Transfer Pricing dan Risikonya Terhadap Penerimaan Negara. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004

Sikka, P., & Willmott, H. (2010). The dark side of transfer pricing: Its role in tax avoidance and wealth retentiveness. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 21(4), 342–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa.2010.02.004

Sofiati, S. A., & Zulaikha. (2018). Analisis Pengaruh Tata Kelola Perusahaan dan Kompensasi Eksekutif Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Nonkeuangan yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2013–2016). Diponegoro Journal of Accounting, 7(4), 1–14.

Solikhah, B., & Suryarini, T. (2020). Perpajakan. UNNES Press: Semarang Indonesia.

Suryarini, T., Mega C.A., & Hidayah, R. (2020). The Effect of Tunneling Incentive to Transfer Pricing Decision with Tax Minimization As a Moderating Variable. KnE Social Sciences, 2020(2010), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v4i6.6584

Susanti, A., & Firmansyah, A. (2018). Determinants of transfer pricing decisions in Indonesia manufacturing companies. Jurnal Akuntansi & Auditing Indonesia, 22(2), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.20885/jaai.vol22.iss2.art1

Tang, T.Y.H. (2016). Privatization, tunneling, and tax avoidance in Chinese SOEs. Asian Review of Accounting, 24(3), 274–234. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-04-2012-0017

Taylor, G., Richardson, G., & Lanis, R. (2015). Multinationality, Tax Havens, Intangible Assets, and Transfer Pricing Aggressiveness: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of International Accounting Research, 14(1), 25 - 57. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2308/jiar-51019

Utama, C. A. (2015). Penentu Besaran Transaksi Pihak Berelasi: Tata Kelola, Tingkat Pengungkapan, Dan Struktur Kepemilikan. Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan Indonesia, 12(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.21002/jaki.2015.03

Watts, R. L., & Zimmerman, J. L. (1986). Positive accounting theory. Prentice-Hall.

Waworuntu, S. R., & Hadisaputra, R. (2016). Determinants of Transfer Pricing Aggressiveness in Indonesia. Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum., 24, 95–110.

Widyasari, P. A., Sutanto, C., & Hastuti, M. E. (2019). Corporate life cycle, corporate governance structure, and corporate social responsibility disclosure. Jurnal Keuangan Dan Perbankan, 23(3), 385–402. https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v23i3.2694

Yendrawati, R., & Asy’ari, E. F. (2017). The Role of Corporate Governance as a Leverage Moderating and Free Cash Flow on Earnings Management. Jurnal Keuangan Dan Perbankan, 21(3), 412–424. https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v21i3.704

Yulia, A., Hayati, N., & Daud, R. M. (2019). the Influence of Tax, Foreign Ownership and Company Size on the Application of Transfer Pricing in Manufacturing Companies Listed on Idx During 2013-2017. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 9(3), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.7640




DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v25i1.5127

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Jurnal Keuangan dan Perbankan (Journal of Finance and Banking)

Diploma Program of Banking and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Merdeka Malang

Published by University of Merdeka Malang

Mailing Address:
2nd floor Finance and Banking Building, Jl. Terusan Raya Dieng No. 57 Malang, East Java, Indonesia
Phone: +62 813-3180-1534
Email: jkp@unmer.ac.id

This work is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0