Relationship between Financial Indicators and Foreign Direct Investment in Eswatini

Kalu O Emenike, Nosipho Pearl Hlophe

Abstract


This study evaluates relationship between financial indicators and foreign direct investment (FDI) in Eswatini. The objective was to establish whether there exists significant relationship as well as causality between FDI and exchange rate, interest rate and inflation rate using annual data from 1980 to 2019. Unit root properties of the data were analysed using the Augmented Dickey Fuller test which showed that all data was stationary at first difference. The correlation results showed that there is a positive significant relationship between FDI and the exchange rate. The results also showed a positive but weak correlation for the interest rate as well as a weak negative correlation for inflation rate. The Granger causality test shows evidence of unidirectional causal relationship from exchange rate to FDI. In order words, exchange rate Granger causes FDI in Eswatini. We also document evidence of unidirectional causality from inflation rate to FDI. We recommend amongst others that Eswatini monetary authorities should continue to adopt fiscal and monetary policies that would contain inflation in the economy.

 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/afr.v3i1.4385


Keywords


foreign direct investment, exchange rate, interest rate, inflation rate

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alshamsi, K. H., Hussin, M. R., & Azam, M. (2015). The impact of inflation and GDP per capita on foreign direct investment; A case of United Arab Emirates. Investmment Management and Financial Innovations, 132-141.

Benson, E., Eya, C. I., & Yunusa, A. (2019). Effect of exchange and interest rates on FDI in Nigeria 2006-2018. International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review.

Betchoo, N. K. (2019). International Business in Emerging Economies. The eBook Company.

Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (1976). The Future of the Multinational Enterprise. London: Macmillan

Central Bank of Eswatini. (2020, February 5). Monetary Policy: Central Bank of Eswatini. Retrieved from Central Bank of Eswatini Website: http://www.centralbank.org.sz/ monetarypolicy/economy/index.php

Central Statistics Office. (2020, February 5). Ministry of Economic Planning and Development. Retrieved from Swaziland Government Website: http://www.gov.sz/ index.php/departments-sp-388544304/124-economic-planning-a-development/1835-central-statistical-reports.

Dondashe, N., & Phiri, A. (2018). Determinants of FDI in South Africa: Do macroeconomic variables matter? Munich Personal RePEc Archive.https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/83636

Ekine, D. I., & Ajie, C. O. (2017, October). The relationship between FDI and selected economic indicators in Nigeria: A causaliy approach. Donnish Journal of Economics and International Finance, II(1). Retrieved from http://www.donnishjournals.org/djerf

ElemUche, O., Omekara, C. O., & Nsude, F. I. (2018). Application of granger causality test in forecasting monetary policy transmission channels for Nigeria. International Journal of Statistics and Applications, VIII(3), 119-128. doi:10.5923/j.statistics.20180803.02

Emenike, K. O. (2015). Response of foreign private investment to public debt in Nigeria. The Romanian Economic Journal, 56(XVIII), 65–86.

Emenike, K.O. & Amu, C. U. (2019). Response of stock market volatility to foreign equity investments. Journal of Contemporary Ecnomic and Business Issues, 6(2), 39-50.

Enu, P., Havi, E. D., & Attah-Obeng, P. (2013). Impact of macroeconomic factors on foreign direct investment in Ghana: A cointergation analysis. European Scientific Journal, Vol. 9(No. 28).

Eswatini Investment Promotion Authority (2019, November 5). Why invest in Eswatini: Eswatini Investment Promotion Authority. Retrieved from https: //investeswatini.org.sz/why-do-business-in-eswatini/

Evans, J. D. (1996). Straightforward Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. California: Brook/Cole Publishing.

Faroh, A., & Shen, H. (2015). Impact of interest rates on FDI: Case study Sierra Leone. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research, VI(1), 124-132.

Gogtay, N. J., & Thatte, U. M. (2017). Principles of correlation analysis. Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, 78-81.

Joubert, P. N. (2012). Foreign direct investments in Swaziland: Benefits and drawbacks. International Trade & Academic Research Conference (ITARC), University of Swaziland, Swaziland.

Krugman, P., Obstfeld, M., & Melitz, M. J. (2012). International Economics Policy and Theory (9th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

Malik, S., & Malik, Q. A. (2013). Empirical analysis of macroeconomic indicators as determinants of foreign direct investment in Pakistan. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, VII(2), 77-82.

Masipa, T. S. (2018). The relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth in South Africa: Vector error correction analysis. Acta Commercii. Retrieved from https://doi.org/ 10.4102/ac.v18il.466

Masuku, M. B., & Dlamini, T. S. (2009). Determinants of foreign direct investment inflows in Swaziland. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, Vol.I(5), 177-184.

Ndanu, M., & Ocharo, D. K. (2018). Real interest rate, inflation, exchange rate, competitiveness and foreign direct investment in Kenya. American Journal of Economics, III(1), 1-18.

Paul, J., & Feliciano-Cestero, M. M. (2020). Five decades of research on foreign direct investment by MNEs: An overview and research agenda. Elsevier Public Health Emergency Collection. doi:10.1016/ j.jbusres.2020.04.017

OECD. (2020). OECD - ilibrary. Retrieved from OECD Website. Https://data.oecd.org

The World Bank. (2020, February 27). The World Bank Data: Indicators. Retrieved from World Bank Web site: http://www.data. worldbank.org

Omankhanlen, A. E. (2011). The effect of exchange rate and inflation on foreign direct investmentand its relationship with economic growth in Nigeria. Economics and Applied informatics, 1-13.

Saini, N. & Singhania, M. (2018). Determinants of FDI in developed and developing countries: A quantitative analysis using GMM. Journal of Economic Studies, 45(2), 348-382.

UNCTAD. (2019). World Investment Report 2019. Retrieved from World Inesrtmanet development reportswebsite: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/ReportFolders

Vanita, T., Rifika, S., & Varun, B. (2015). Foreign direct investment and macroeconomic factors: evidence from the Indian economy. Asia Pacific Institute of Management, II(1), 1-11.

Vernon, R. (966). International investment and international trade in the product cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 190-207.

Wijeweera, A., & Mounter, S. (2008). A VAR analysis on the determinants of FDI inflows: The case of Sri Lanka. Applied Econometrics and International Development.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/afr.v3i1.4385

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.



AFRE (Accounting and Financial Review)

Postgraduate - University of Merdeka Malang

Postgraduate  Building, Terusan Dieng Street 62-64
Malang City, East Java, Indonesia, 65146.

View My Stats      Web
Analytics

Other Link

Follow Us

Site Home Journal
Unmer Malang
Postgraduate
LPPM
Library
Repository 
[email protected]
(0341) 567617
 Fax(0341) 567617

AFRE (Accounting and Financial Review)  Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.