The Role of Algorithms and the Formation of Hate Speech Polarization on Twitter (Case Study of Video Content of KH Said Aqil Siradj's Visit after the Suicide Bomb Explosion at Makassar Cathedral)
Abstract
After the 2021 suicide bombing at the Makassar Cathedral church, the general chairman of PBNU, Said Aqil Siradj, visited the Makassar Cathedral to provide moral support to Catholics. The video of the
visit provoked reactions both in the digital realm and offline. Even though this visit had a positive nuance, on Twitter there were comments containing insults and hate speech. This research uses qualitative text analysis to analyze the comments that appear and
answer why video content that has a positive nuance and contains tolerance can trigger negative comments. The results of this research prove that polarized comments are not much influenced by the content. The content becomes a trigger so that like-minded people can confirm the beliefs they have long held. Apart from that, from this study, researchers see that there are things outside humans (non-humans) that shape the interpretation of social media users. This network of people with the same beliefs is united by features of social media platforms that bring users closer together,
namely comments, retweets and likes.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abriyanto, I. (2021, March 28). Makassar church attack was suicide bombing:
Top security minister.
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/03/28/makassar-church-
attack-was-suicide-bombing-top-security-minister-.html
Akmal, F. (2021, April 21). Kunjungi Gereja Katedral Makassar, Ketua PBNU
Doakan Para Korban Bom Bunuh Diri. Rakyatku.Com.
https://rakyatku.com/read/198631/kunjungi-gereja-katedral-makassar-
ketua-pbnu-doakan-para-korban-bom-bunuh-diri
Azanella, L. (2021, March 29). Bom Gereja Katedral Makassar: Kronologi
Kejadian, Keterangan Polisi dan Sikap Presiden.
https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/03/29/100000165/bom-gereja-
katedral-makassar-kronologi-kejadian-keterangan-polisi-dan-
sikap?page=all
Baym, N. (2010). Personal Connections in the Digital Age (1st ed.). Polity.
Berlant, L. (2011). Cruel Optimism. Duke University Press.
https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1220p4w
Bliuc, A. M., McGarty, C., Hartley, L., & Muntele Hendres, D. (2012).
Manipulating national identity: The strategic use of rhetoric by supporters
and opponents of the “Cronulla riots” in Australia. Ethnic and Racial Studies,
(12), 2174–2194. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.600768
Brown, A. (2015). Hate Speech Law A Philosophical Examination. Routledge.
Campbell, H. (2012). Digital religion : understanding religious practice in new
media worlds. Routledge.
Campbell, H. (2013). Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New
Media Worlds. Routledge.
Campbell, H. A., & Evolvi, G. (2020). Contextualizing Current Digital Religion
Research on Emerging Technologies. In Human Behavior and Emerging
Technologies (Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 5–17). John Wiley and Sons Inc.
https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.149
Chaterine, R. (2021, December 13). Densus 88 Tangkap Buron Teroris, Diduga Terkait Bom Gereja Katedral Makassar.
https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/12/13/22194981/densus-88-
tangkap-buron-teroris-diduga-terkait-bom-gereja-katedral-makassar
Dean, J. (2010). Affective Networks. MediaTropes EJournal, II(2), 19–44.
www.mediatropes.com
Döveling, K., Harju, A. A., & Sommer, D. (2018). From Mediatized Emotion to
Digital Affect Cultures: New Technologies and Global Flows of Emotion.
Social Media and Society, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117743141
Duile, T. (2021). Social Media in Research on a Marginalized Identity: The Case
of Atheism in Indonesia. ASEAS, 14(1), 121.
https://doi.org/10.14764/10.ASEAS-0049
Echchaibi, N., & Hoover, S. (2014). The Third Spaces of Digital Religion (N.
Echchaibi & S. Hoover, Eds.; 1st ed., Vol. 1). Routledge.
Elwert, F., Evolvi, G., Neumaier, A., & De Wildt, K. (2023). Emoji and Religion
in the Twitter Discourses on the Notre Dame Cathedral Fire. Journal of
Religion, Media and Digital Culture, 11(2), 198–226.
https://doi.org/10.1163/21659214-bja10071
Evolvi, G. (2018). Hate in a tweet: Exploring internet-based islamophobic
discourses. Religions, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9100307
Evolvi, G. (2019). #Islamexit: inter-group antagonism on Twitter. Information
Communication and Society, 22(3), 386–401.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1388427
Giglietto, F., & Lee, Y. (2017). A Hashtag Worth a Thousand Words: Discursive
Strategies Around #JeNeSuisPasCharlie After the 2015 Charlie Hebdo
Shooting. Social Media and Society, 3(1).
https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116686992
Hanteer, O., Rossi, L., Vega, D. D., & Magnani, M. (2018, August 28). From
interaction to participation: the role of the imagined audience in social media
community detection and an application to political communication on
Twitter. IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social
Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM).
Hasani, I. (2016). The Decreasing Space for Non-Religious Expression in
Indonesia. In Religion, Law and Intolerance in Indonesia. Routledge.
Illman, R., & Sjö, S. (2015). Facebook as a Site for Inter-religious Encounters:
A Case Study from Finland. In Journal of Contemporary Religion (Vol. 30,
Issue 3, pp. 383–398). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2015.1081341
Magdy, W., Darwish, K., & Abokhodair, N. (2015). Quantifying Public Response
towards Islam on Twitter after Paris Attacks. ArXiv.
http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.04570
O’Leary, S. (1996). Cyberspace as Sacred Space: Communicating Religion on
Computer Netwroks. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 64,
–808.
Paat, Y. (2021, April 21). Kunjungi Katedral Makassar, Ketua PBNU: Jangan
Takut, Tetap Perkuat Toleransi. Investor.Id. https://investor.id/national/244387/kunjungi-katedral-makassar-ketua-
pbnu-jangan-takut-tetap-perkuat-toleransi
Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective Publics; Sentiment, Technology and Politics.
Oxford University Press.
Pennington, R. (2018). Making Space in Social Media: #MuslimWomensDay in
Twitter. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 42(3), 199–217.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859918768797
Saputra, A. (2021, March 29). Newlywed suicide bombers identified in Makassar
church attack.
https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/03/29/newlywed-suicide-
bombers-identified-in-makassar-church-attack-.html
Schäfer, S. (2016). Forming “forbidden” identities online: Atheism in Indonesia.
Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 9(2), 253–268.
https://doi.org/10.14764/10.ASEAS-2016.2-5
Senbel, S., Seigel, C., & Bryan, E. (2022). Religious Violence and Twitter:
Networks of Knowledge, Empathy and Fascination. Religions, 13(3).
https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13030245
Setiawan, H. (2022). Spiral Keheningan Melalui Tagar #indonesiaterserah
Jelang Idul Fitri 2020. Jurnal ILMU KOMUNIKASI, 19(1), 19–34.
https://doi.org/10.24002/jik.v19i1.3759
Sunstein, C. R. (2007). Republic.com 2.0. Princeton University Press.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7tbsw
Thomas, E., Mavor, K., & McGarty, C. (2011). Social identities facilitate and
encapsulate action-relevant constructs: A test of the social identity model of
collective action. Emma F. Thomas,1,2 Kenneth I. Mavor2 and Craig
McGarty1, 15(1), 75–88.
van Dijck, J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social
Media . Oxford University Press.
Wills, E. R., & Fecteau, A. (2016). Humor and identity on twitter:
#muslimcandyheartrejects as a digital space for identity construction.
Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 36(1), 32–45.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2016.1153825
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/nomosleca.v9i2.10370
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Editorial Office
Jurnal Nomosleca
Faculty of Social and Political Science University of Merdeka Malang
Information:
Statistics: |
|
© 2020 {Jurnal Nomosleca}, All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License |