The Role of Algorithms and the Formation of Hate Speech Polarization on Twitter (Case Study of Video Content of KH Said Aqil Siradj's Visit after the Suicide Bomb Explosion at Makassar Cathedral)

Fidelis Aggiornamento Saintio

Abstract


After the 2021 suicide bombing at the Makassar Cathedral church, the general chairman of PBNU, Said Aqil Siradj, visited the Makassar Cathedral to provide moral support to Catholics. The video of the
visit provoked reactions both in the digital realm and offline. Even though this visit had a positive nuance, on Twitter there were comments containing insults and hate speech. This research uses qualitative text analysis to analyze the comments that appear and
answer why video content that has a positive nuance and contains tolerance can trigger negative comments. The results of this research prove that polarized comments are not much influenced by the content. The content becomes a trigger so that like-minded people can confirm the beliefs they have long held. Apart from that, from this study, researchers see that there are things outside humans (non-humans) that shape the interpretation of social media users. This network of people with the same beliefs is united by features of social media platforms that bring users closer together,
namely comments, retweets and likes.


Keywords


hate speech, algorithms, social media, polarization

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abriyanto, I. (2021, March 28). Makassar church attack was suicide bombing:

Top security minister.

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/03/28/makassar-church-

attack-was-suicide-bombing-top-security-minister-.html

Akmal, F. (2021, April 21). Kunjungi Gereja Katedral Makassar, Ketua PBNU

Doakan Para Korban Bom Bunuh Diri. Rakyatku.Com.

https://rakyatku.com/read/198631/kunjungi-gereja-katedral-makassar-

ketua-pbnu-doakan-para-korban-bom-bunuh-diri

Azanella, L. (2021, March 29). Bom Gereja Katedral Makassar: Kronologi

Kejadian, Keterangan Polisi dan Sikap Presiden.

https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/03/29/100000165/bom-gereja-

katedral-makassar-kronologi-kejadian-keterangan-polisi-dan-

sikap?page=all

Baym, N. (2010). Personal Connections in the Digital Age (1st ed.). Polity.

Berlant, L. (2011). Cruel Optimism. Duke University Press.

https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1220p4w

Bliuc, A. M., McGarty, C., Hartley, L., & Muntele Hendres, D. (2012).

Manipulating national identity: The strategic use of rhetoric by supporters

and opponents of the “Cronulla riots” in Australia. Ethnic and Racial Studies,

(12), 2174–2194. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.600768

Brown, A. (2015). Hate Speech Law A Philosophical Examination. Routledge.

Campbell, H. (2012). Digital religion : understanding religious practice in new

media worlds. Routledge.

Campbell, H. (2013). Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New

Media Worlds. Routledge.

Campbell, H. A., & Evolvi, G. (2020). Contextualizing Current Digital Religion

Research on Emerging Technologies. In Human Behavior and Emerging

Technologies (Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 5–17). John Wiley and Sons Inc.

https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.149

Chaterine, R. (2021, December 13). Densus 88 Tangkap Buron Teroris, Diduga Terkait Bom Gereja Katedral Makassar.

https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2021/12/13/22194981/densus-88-

tangkap-buron-teroris-diduga-terkait-bom-gereja-katedral-makassar

Dean, J. (2010). Affective Networks. MediaTropes EJournal, II(2), 19–44.

www.mediatropes.com

Döveling, K., Harju, A. A., & Sommer, D. (2018). From Mediatized Emotion to

Digital Affect Cultures: New Technologies and Global Flows of Emotion.

Social Media and Society, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117743141

Duile, T. (2021). Social Media in Research on a Marginalized Identity: The Case

of Atheism in Indonesia. ASEAS, 14(1), 121.

https://doi.org/10.14764/10.ASEAS-0049

Echchaibi, N., & Hoover, S. (2014). The Third Spaces of Digital Religion (N.

Echchaibi & S. Hoover, Eds.; 1st ed., Vol. 1). Routledge.

Elwert, F., Evolvi, G., Neumaier, A., & De Wildt, K. (2023). Emoji and Religion

in the Twitter Discourses on the Notre Dame Cathedral Fire. Journal of

Religion, Media and Digital Culture, 11(2), 198–226.

https://doi.org/10.1163/21659214-bja10071

Evolvi, G. (2018). Hate in a tweet: Exploring internet-based islamophobic

discourses. Religions, 9(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9100307

Evolvi, G. (2019). #Islamexit: inter-group antagonism on Twitter. Information

Communication and Society, 22(3), 386–401.

https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1388427

Giglietto, F., & Lee, Y. (2017). A Hashtag Worth a Thousand Words: Discursive

Strategies Around #JeNeSuisPasCharlie After the 2015 Charlie Hebdo

Shooting. Social Media and Society, 3(1).

https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116686992

Hanteer, O., Rossi, L., Vega, D. D., & Magnani, M. (2018, August 28). From

interaction to participation: the role of the imagined audience in social media

community detection and an application to political communication on

Twitter. IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social

Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM).

Hasani, I. (2016). The Decreasing Space for Non-Religious Expression in

Indonesia. In Religion, Law and Intolerance in Indonesia. Routledge.

Illman, R., & Sjö, S. (2015). Facebook as a Site for Inter-religious Encounters:

A Case Study from Finland. In Journal of Contemporary Religion (Vol. 30,

Issue 3, pp. 383–398). Routledge.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13537903.2015.1081341

Magdy, W., Darwish, K., & Abokhodair, N. (2015). Quantifying Public Response

towards Islam on Twitter after Paris Attacks. ArXiv.

http://arxiv.org/abs/1512.04570

O’Leary, S. (1996). Cyberspace as Sacred Space: Communicating Religion on

Computer Netwroks. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 64,

–808.

Paat, Y. (2021, April 21). Kunjungi Katedral Makassar, Ketua PBNU: Jangan

Takut, Tetap Perkuat Toleransi. Investor.Id. https://investor.id/national/244387/kunjungi-katedral-makassar-ketua-

pbnu-jangan-takut-tetap-perkuat-toleransi

Papacharissi, Z. (2015). Affective Publics; Sentiment, Technology and Politics.

Oxford University Press.

Pennington, R. (2018). Making Space in Social Media: #MuslimWomensDay in

Twitter. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 42(3), 199–217.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859918768797

Saputra, A. (2021, March 29). Newlywed suicide bombers identified in Makassar

church attack.

https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/03/29/newlywed-suicide-

bombers-identified-in-makassar-church-attack-.html

Schäfer, S. (2016). Forming “forbidden” identities online: Atheism in Indonesia.

Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 9(2), 253–268.

https://doi.org/10.14764/10.ASEAS-2016.2-5

Senbel, S., Seigel, C., & Bryan, E. (2022). Religious Violence and Twitter:

Networks of Knowledge, Empathy and Fascination. Religions, 13(3).

https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13030245

Setiawan, H. (2022). Spiral Keheningan Melalui Tagar #indonesiaterserah

Jelang Idul Fitri 2020. Jurnal ILMU KOMUNIKASI, 19(1), 19–34.

https://doi.org/10.24002/jik.v19i1.3759

Sunstein, C. R. (2007). Republic.com 2.0. Princeton University Press.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7tbsw

Thomas, E., Mavor, K., & McGarty, C. (2011). Social identities facilitate and

encapsulate action-relevant constructs: A test of the social identity model of

collective action. Emma F. Thomas,1,2 Kenneth I. Mavor2 and Craig

McGarty1, 15(1), 75–88.

van Dijck, J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social

Media . Oxford University Press.

Wills, E. R., & Fecteau, A. (2016). Humor and identity on twitter:

#muslimcandyheartrejects as a digital space for identity construction.

Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 36(1), 32–45.

https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2016.1153825




DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/nomosleca.v9i2.10370

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.



Editorial Office

Jurnal Nomosleca
Faculty of Social and Political Science University of Merdeka Malang


Information:
Image result for logo icon png
Jalan Terusan Raya Dieng No.62-64 Malang, 65146, Jawa TImur, Indonesia
Image result for icon png
Phone (0341) 580537
Image result for icon png[email protected]
Image result for icon pnghttp://jurnal.unmer.ac.id/index.php/n/
Image result for icon png
+6281333498586

Statistics:

Indexing:

Google Scholar        DOAJ        Garuda      ICI Copernicus


Tools:

Turnitin     Crossref     Mendeley     Grammarly


Supported By:

Universitas Merdeka Malang Hasil gambar untuk apjiki

© 2020 {Jurnal Nomosleca}, All rights reserved. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Licensed under Creative Commons License a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License